History of the World Tsunami

History of the World Tsunami

This article is taken from the Space Magazine Special Edition The Deadliest Tsunami Wave 2005. And it says here only recorded until 1960.Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (65 Million BC)Based on the relics and traces were found, about 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, there has been a large meteorite impact in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Trail left roughly along the Gulf of Mexico and the U.S.. therefore the meteorite likely may be an area WashingtonDC.While the legacy of which still can be seen is a few chunks of sandstone at the top of the hill in the area of ​​Arkansas. Located about 120 kilometers north-east of Little Rock.Santorini, Greece (1650-1600 BC)Note that Santorini is a volcanic island in the Aegean Sea, about 75 km south-east of Greece. Between 1650 and 1600 BC, the mountain here reportedly erupted danmemicu tsunami as high as 100-150 m. Hempasannya destroy the north coast of the island of Crete as far as 70 km, ternasuk Minoan fleet along the northern coast of the island of Crete.Lisbon, Portugal (1755)The quake triggered a tsunami in the Atlantic Ocean. Until such a great cause fires in various regions. The death toll reached 100,000 people or more than a third of Lisbon.This disaster untukpertama time to leave a note of the phenomena associated with many animals. They are thought to sense danger and scattered before the tsunami came.Krakatau, Indonesia (August 26, 1883)Krakatau was once a volcanic island in the Sunda Strait. On August 26, 1883 this island erupted and caused incredible disasters. The explosion estimated to be equivalent to 200 megatons of TNT that destroyed most of the island, and even disappeared from the surface of the sea. Tsunamis diperkiran intensity, with wave heights of over 40 meters. death toll from the eruption is about 36 thousand people, but who died of floor depth is unknown. Tsunamis spread to the mainland of Java and Sumatra, and even reached the Indian Ocean, the Pacific, North America, U.S. west coast, as well as the English Channel. There are manuscripts of this incident in the kompas.com loh ...Japan (1605-1993)Japan is the most frequent case of a tsunami, the following notes,Nankaido 1605 hit, killed 5,000 people1703 hit Awa, about 100 thousand people melelanin the same year also hit areas Tokaido-Kashima, killing 5233 people.1707 hit-Nankaido Tokaido area, killing 30 thousand people1771 hit Ryukyu region, killing 13,486 people1792 hit southwestern Kyushu, killing 15 thousand people1829 is not known which areas hit but killed 27 thousand peopleCrashing Sanriku 1896 approximately 20,000 people were killed in this incidentHit the 1933 Sanriku killed 3008 peopleSweeping Onagawa 1960, killing 122 people1993 Okushiri crashing, killing 202 people.Notes on the History of the World TsunamiAugust 27, 1883: Indonesian volcano Krakatoa erupted, and the tsunami that swept the coasts of Java and Sumatra, killing 36,000 people. Volcanic eruptions are really powerful so long nights sky glowing red lava due to dust.June 15, 1896: "Sanriku Tsunami" hit Japan. Tsunamis are giant altitude 23 meters swept the crowd that gathered in celebration of religion and swallow 26,000 casualties.December 17, 1896: Tsunami damage the embankment of Santa Barbara in California, USA, and caused flooding on the main highway.January 31, 1906: An earthquake in the Pacific Ocean destroyed part of the city of Tumaco in Colombia, including the entire house on the beach that lies between Micay Rioverde in Ecuador and Colombia; 1,500 people died.1 April 1946: The tsunami that destroyed the Scotch Cap lighthouse on the Aleutian Islands and her five guards, moving towards Hilo, Hawaii, killing 159 people.May 22 1960: altitude 11 meters Tsunami kills 1,000 people in Chile and 61 in Hawaii. Giant wave crossed to the Pacific coast and rocked the Philippines and the island of Okinawa in Japan.March 28, 1964: Tsunami "Good Friday" in Alaska eliminate the three villages of the map, with 107 people killed, and 15 people died in Oregon and California.August 16, 1976: A Pacific tsunami killed 5,000 people in the Moro Gulf, Philippines.July 17, 1998: The ocean waves caused by the earthquake that occurred in Papua New Guinea killed 2,313 people, destroyed 7 villages and caused thousands of people homeless.December 26, 2004: An earthquake measuring 8.9 on the Richter scale and giant wave that hit six countries in Southeast Asia killed more than 156,000 people.


History of Tsunami in IndonesiaTEMPO Interactive, Jakarta: An earthquake the Indian Ocean with the power of 6.8 on the Richter scale, Sunday (26/12) morning, including the earthquake in Aceh and North Sumatra, triggering a tsunami wave in some Asian countries.
Tsunami waves are expected at the most casualties. At least the victims died in Aceh and North Sumatra, as well as some other Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand has reached thousands of people.
Victims of the earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia, until the news was revealed, remains uncertain. However, until 17:30 pm, the National Coordinating Board noted that there are about 148 dead. While the number of wounded and missing is not yet known.
The earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia does not only happen this time. Previously, a similar event has happened many times and caused fatalities is not small. The tsunami waves that caused the most deaths were reported during the incident volcanic eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. At that time, an estimated 36 thousand people died from the eruption building resulting in waves as high as 12 levels. The waves caused by the eruption of the volcano, located in the Sunda Strait was reached about 120 kilometers from the center of eruption.
After the eruption of Krakatoa, since at least during the period 1900-1996, there has been at least 17 major tsunami in Indonesia. Fifteen of them occurred in eastern Indonesia, which is known as an active and complex seismotectonic region. The tsunami caused by seismic activity contained in the active zones seismmotektonik as subduction zones, zone openings and fault zones are spread throughout much of the Indonesian archipelago.
Huge tsunami wave that also claimed that no less frequent in August 19, 1977 in the Sumba. In the event around 189 lives lost. Then, a similar event occurred in 12 Disember 1992 in Flores. This huge wave of 2100 resulted in lives lost. Seawater spill events yan hit Banyuwangi East Java region on June 3, 1994 killed up to 208 people were killed.
Five of the tsunami (Banda 1938, Sigli 1967, Bandanaira 1975, Sumba 1977, and Banyuwangi 1994) was due to the activity of the subduction zone located Sunda-Banda extends from the Andaman Islands to the Banda Sea.
Activity reverse fault zone which extends from north of Bali lies to Alor produced three Ende tsunami in 1908, Larantuka 1982, and Flores 1992. Tsunamis that occurred in Tinambung sub 1967, Central Sulawesi, 1968 Majene 1969, and 1984 due to the activity zone Mamujuopenings are located in the Makassar Strait.
Activity Palu-Koro fault zone and fault shoves through Palu, north to the southern island of Buru Biak has resulted in four tsunami that occurred in the Gulf Tomini 1938, Sana 1965 Maluku, Maluku Sanana, 1975 and Toli-Toli 1996.Meanwhile, the tsunami that occurred recently in Biak, estimated by the action of Sorong fault or plate subduction Carolina.The tsunami that occurred in Indonesia caused by earthquakes and strong shallow occurring in the seabed. These earthquakes have depths varying between 13 and 95 km, magnitude 5.9 to 7.5 magnitude, earthquake intensity between VII to IX MMI scale (Mo-dified Mercalli Intensity), and the type of earthquake is the dominant pensesaran reverse fault. The maximum tsunami wave height reaches shore ranged from four to 24 meters, with the tsunami magnitude between 1.5 and 4.5 in the scale Imamura. Meanwhile, the tsunami waves to reach the mainland ranges from 50 to 200 meters from the shoreline.

The characteristics of the soil in Indonesia

The characteristics of the soil in Indonesia

The characteristics of the soil can be explained as follows:
1) Have a thickness of more than 50 cm. Land as contained in the flat to undulating. The land terbantuk of rock weathering caused by factors such as alluvial sedimentation. The land has a horizon A to C or O horizon forest areas have to C.
2) In areas that have a slope as steep slopes rather thin soil thickness. Thin thickness of the soil in this area due to erosion or erosion by rainwater that falls on the slopes of the mountains.
3) color of the soil in Indonesia varied as black, red, gray, brown or a mixture. Red and brown soil is influenced by iron and high oxidation rate. ground gray areas contained in draenasenya always flooded (very good). The soil is red and has a good draenase Fe oxides conditions.
4) chemical composition of the soil is sometimes different from its parent rock due to the oxide, hydrolysis process,
(A) The process of oxidation is a chemical reaction that causes loss of electrons (negative charge) either through the addition of oxygen and without oxygen. The process of oxidation occurs because rocks contain iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn).
(B) The process of hydraulic rock mediated by the results of the ionization of water that serves as a weak acid into H + ions (acid reaction) and OH (reaction base).
(C) The process is a process of acidification osiladisis function accelerates the weathering of rock.
(D) The process of dissolution is the natural process of dissolution by water.
5) On-prone areas are like Borneo, eastern Sumatra, and Papua southern bgian formed acid sulfate soil and peat (historal) formed from organic material. This land needs to be made in raklamasi before agricultural land by making the channel setting to eliminate toxic elements for plants.
6) Soil texture in Indonesia varied, ranging from coarse to fine texture.
(A) such as soil texture is coarse sand, clay sand.
(B) somewhat rough texture like tnah sandy loam.
(C) The texture is not rough and not slippery like clay.
(D) Fine texture like clay dust.


7) On the island of Java and a few places outside Java such as North Sulawesi and South Sulawesi, there are soils derived from volcanic material. This land around the volcano and there is generally a fertile soil because it contains minerals that are easily weathered and rich in nutrients such as K, Ca, Mg, and so on.
Outside the island of Java is found that soils derived from marine sedimentary rock parent materials are very old, such as clay rocks da old limestone.


SOIL FORMATION PROCESS
The process of soil formation begins with the weathering of rock weathering, both physical and chemical weathering. Of the weathering process, the rock will become soft and change its composition. At this stage the weathered rock is not considered a soil, but the soil material (ragolith) because it still shows the structure of the parent rock weathering process continues until finally bahaninduk land turned into soil. So the factors that drive weathering also plays a role in soil formation. What are those factors?
Rainfall and sunshine instrumental in the physical weathering processes, both factors are components of the climate that can be summed up one of the factors is iklm soil formation. Is that just two factors that affect soil formation? There are other factors that influence soil formation processes that organisms, topography and time the parent material. These factors can be formulated as follows:
T = F (i.o.b.t.w) ket: T = ground
f = factor
i = Climate
b = parent material
t = topographic
w = time
A. by bahn parent home soil
The rock is the origin of soil parent materials can be divided into four, namely as berukut:
1) igneous
These rocks formed from magma that freezes. can be divided into frozen rock on, rock material and rock in the alley
2) Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks. These rocks consist of:
A) old rock deposits, a marine sediment-old old (millions of years).
Example:
- Limestone rocks (limestone) that contains rust sea.
- Sandstone contains quartz sand (SiO2)
B) new sediment material (not to stone)
This material is deposited by water and wind. Materials deposited by water terdapatdi alluvial plains or flood plains, while the material in endapkan by angina are on the coast, mountain areas and so on.


3) rock metemorf
rocks derived from igneous and sedimentary due Setra pressure and high-temperature long time, transformed into other types of rock such as limestone to marble.

4) host rock organic
Organic soils or peat swamp forest are always flooded. The process of organic material penghancuiran run slower than on the process of accumulation, resulting in the accumulation of organic material to form organic soil or peat. For example, in Borneo, eastern Sumatra, and the southern part of Papua.

B. Based pedogenesisnya
Based pedogenesisnya, soil formation process is divided into two, as follows:
1) Transfer form (transformation)
This process takes time and is caused by weathering, dokomposisi (change) and humifiksi organic material (humus land change process). All of these processes contribute to the formation of soils derived from parent materials mineraldan organic. This process runs in stages giving rise to a real distinction t5anah horizon. An example is the accumulation of humus in the soil surface.
2) Transfer the place
This process is associated with changes in the body and mixing soil resulting in the development of the soil profile. The main cause is the percolation (infiltration of water into the ground), erosion, evapotranspiration (combination of evaporation of water through the body of water and vegetation) and the stagnation of water (water's silence on the soil pores or cracks in the soil specific) and human activities, and soil fauna. Translocation shows the displacement at a longer distance (mm to m). example is the movement of clay minerals, salts of alkali with water percolation, displacement humic compounds in the form of soluble compounds and soil erosion due to water movement in the soil surface.

C) Based on the weathering process
Based pelapukannya process, the process of land pembentuikan divided into three, namely physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering.
1) physical weathering
Physical weathering is a mechanical process that causes massive rocks disintegrate into small particles without any chemical change. This process is due to a drastic change in sushu, rain, tree roots, and the activity of living organisms. Consequently crushed rock and turned into the soil. An example is the volcanic soil and the soil pedsolik.

2) Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering is a process of change in chemical composition and mineral constituent rock fragments. Examples of chemical weathering is the entry of rain water that contains chemical elements into the limestone causing cracks formed limestone.


3) Biological Weathering
Biological weathering the weathering caused by living organisms. The destruction caused by an rock roots rock menenbus plants, and animals such as termites and earthworms. Consequently rocks turn into soil.

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