Nationalism Movement Asia
Nationalism Movement Asia (China, Turkey, Philippines, India, Egypt)
1. Nationalism Movement in China
China is a country that has a history of fairly old. The country is ruled by various dynasties. Head of government is called emperor. One of the foreign dynasty that once ruled the Chinese Manchu dynasty was (Ching dynasty) from 1644 to 1912 derived from Manchuria.Dari description above, if you can guess how the emergence of nationalism of the country? If you can not, check out the description hereinafter. Chinese nationalism ignited after the people disillusioned with the ruling Manchu dynasty were not considered ethnic Chinese. Hatred was heightened after the British imperial forces outperformed in the Opium War in 1842. The Emperor is weak and is responsible for the suffering of the Chinese people due to European colonization, the U.S. and Japan. Finally, the revolution broke out. Manchu emperor was overthrown in 1911 by his own people, and China became a republic. But this fragile republic as war commander fighting each other. Do you know who the Chinese nationalists? That's right, one of the Chinese nationalist leader was Dr. Sun Yat Mon Below check out the fight Dr. Sun Yat Mon
Dr. Sun Yat Sen is a renowned Chinese nationalists. He envisioned a new China-based San Min Chu I (Three Joint Sovereignty of the People), namely nationalism, democracy and national sosialisme.Revolusi under the influence meletu in Wuchang October 11, 1911. Initially this role revolution in South China, while North China was still ruled by Manchu (emperor Pu Yi) and the Warlord (warlords).In order to form a unified China (north and south) he willingly became the president general of Yuan Shih Kai 1911-1916 (Warlord influential one). While Dr. Sun Yat Sen resigned to Canton and founded the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party). Between 1916-1922 in China there is chaos and eventually be extinguished and Dr. Sun Yat Sen became preesiden until the end 1924.Pengganti Dr. Sun Yat Sen was Chuang Kai Shek.
Chiang managed to defeat the warlords. The success of Chiang supported by communist agents affecting the way people (farmers in the North) against the warlords. But Chiang afraid the communists would turn against him. Then, he ordered the massacre of pro-communist. General Chiang Kai Sek and the communists despite struggling bersamasama, but one did not trust each other. One of the Mao Zedong's communist named survivor of the massacre. Then he led the opposition to form a government that leaned to the Soviets. Mao's forces ultimately triumphed. In 1949, Mao established the People's Republic of China (PRC). While Chiang Kai Shek who supported the United States but is not supported by the people (farmers) and their supporters left the Chinese mainland and sea continued rule by the political line kuo Min Tang.
2. Nationalism movement in Turkey
Turkey was once a superpower. In the era where Belkan territory includes the peninsula, North Africa and the Arabian peninsula. Nationalism and revolution of the Turks occurred after World War I, which Turkey is on the part of the loser and shall be subject to the decision of allies, among others menyeragkan territory. France, Britain and Italy get Turkish territory in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. While Greece Belkan gained independence from Turkey. Turkish nationalism is growing after the allies tried to continue to weaken Turkey by helping the Greek nationalist movement seized Turkish territory in the western Balkans in 1919.
In the war against Western aggression appear Mustapha Kemal Pasha (Turkish military leaders) who are sympathetic to the movement of the Young Turks. The movement is considered as the realization of Turkish nationalism as it formed the basis of the spirit of nationalism that seeks expel Western power / foreign and weak against the old regime (Sultan Hamid II). The movement succeeded in ousting allies and forced to sit on the table bargaining agreement contains Laussane 1923
- Turkey remains sovereign, losing only occupation in the Arab region. Kemal Pasha succeeded in influencing the national assembly (like Parliament) to prove dismiss Sultan and established the Republic of Turkey. He became the first president on October 29, 1923 and moved the capital from Istanbul (Europe region) to Arkara (in Asia).
3. Nationalism Movement in the Philippines
a. Salvo
The rise of nationalism among the growing Flipina earlier in comparison with the rise of nationalist Southeast Asian countries other. Hi it's background by the colonial system of government that implements two power models, as follows:
1. Civilian government headed by the Governor-General and directly responsible to the King of Spain.
2. Government led by the Bishop of religion and is responsible directly to the Pope in Rome. The role of religious rule is helpful in raising awareness of the Filipino people as a nation because the system of government it serves to educate people as missionaries to spread Catholicism in the Philippines.
Causes of nationalism in the Philippines, among others:
1. Spanish imperialism acting cruel and archaic. There is no freedom of expression. Any guidance on the repair-government, considered a betrayal of the Spanish and cruelly punished.
2. Born the intelligentsia or educated class. Arrival of the Spaniards who spread the Roman Catholic religion, will bring the Philippines into the way the Nation carahidup Europe, thereby replacing the original way of life. Philippines, including advanced education, compared with Asian countries, because of the education system of Western countries. Education raises student groups who know that they colonized. They want merbeka.
3. Church authorities to curb the lives of Filipinos. Most of the land belongs to the monastery Philippines, so the only Filipino farmers as mere tenants. Life was miserable farmers.
4. Pengruh new ideologies such as democracy and liberalism. Facilitate the opening of the Suez Canal in relation to Europe and Asia. Therefore the book that includes understanding of democracy and liberalism easily fit into Asia, including the Philippines. Instead many Asians go to Europe, so the familiar Western nationalism, which was brought to the Philippines.
5. Pengruh revolution for independence in Latin America against imperialism Spain. Among them is the War of Independence of Mexico, Central America, and South America for the Spanish (1810-1828), opened the eyes of the Philippines in the Spanish can be defeated.
b. Philippine Nationalism Movement
Philippine Nationalism movement as follows:
1. Companerismo
Companerismo means friendship, is the first national movement in the Philippines who was born in 1880, the goal is to try patriotic education.
2. League Flipina
League of the Philippines was founded by Jose Rizal in 1982. aim to unite Filipino against the Spanish colonizers. He is a pioneer of Philippine independence and national resistance. He was a physician, specialist literature, and has visited Spain, France, Germany, and England. He wrote the famous book and tumultuous Spanish colonial government in the Philippines.
The title of his book is Noli metangere, which means do not offend me. The contents of the book was criticized spicy Greja rulers and the colonial government. He was arrested and exiled. The leaders of the independence movement, Jose Rizal was exiled, assume that the path of peace is hard to gain independence. For that they carry out the armed uprising.
In 1893 Andres Banifacio founded the Katipunan, the nationalist movement untu kelawan Spanish colonizers.
Nationalist movement in the Philippines erupted in the form Katipunan revolt against Spanish rule since 1896 that dipinpin by Jose Rizal, but the revolt failed. Andres Banifacio then led a secret, the League of the Philippines. Resulted in Jose Rizal was arrested and sentenced to death on December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal's death angered the Filipinos to oust Spain.
This is evident since 1896 Katipunan popular uprising against the Spanish colonizers, followed by Euriho Aqwnaldo which continued to flare. The Spanish government did not succeed oppressive. The rebellion grew, eventually Spain entered into the Philippines, the Bato Biacna Agreement (1897), with Aqwnaldo, which contains: Spanish government promised to make amends in 3 years. But Aqwnaldo and his friends must meninggalakn Philippines (ie to Hongkong) turns after he left the Philippines the struggle against the invaders stopped.
Even when the struggle for colonies around the Caribbean Sea between the U.S. and Spain in 1898. Spain focused perhatin against the war.
Seeing this situation Euriho Aqwnaldo back to the Philippines. Euriho Aqwnaldo back to the Philippines proclaimed as an independent state on June 12, 1898.
Together with his fight against Spanish America. then he was pounding the Spanish colonial army. Spain withdrew the Philippines fell. Stay manila that has not fallen. On August 13, 1898 Manila fell. Then in the meantime, Americans are gaining victory over Spain in the war in the Caribbean Sea. In the Paris peace agreement dated December 10, 1898 Spain handed over the Philippines to the United States, by accepting the money as much as $ 20,000,000.00.
Spanish colonizers away from the Philippines. Philippines free from Spanish invaders, but fell again into the hands of the Americans, a stronger and bigger. For that, Americans do not recognize Philippine independence was proclaimed on 12 June 1898, even better, the area was used as an American colony from 1898. But Euriho Aqwnaldo, and upheld the independence of the Philippines.
In 1898 the Constitution was also formed, and Euriho Aqwnaldo became president. The struggle against the Americans began. Two years he against America, but has not succeeded. In 1901 the Americans with his wiles caught Euriho Aqwnaldo. But other militants continue to struggle until 1902.
c. The period of American power in Philippines
Penguasaa Philippines by Anerika under fire from European nations for arrest had violated the Monroe Doctrine, which it said that the American anti-colonialism and imperialism. America is considered as a new threat to the nation's top European power in Asia. To defuse criticism, Filipino American states solely to perform experiments imperialism. This means that the Philippines will be a model state with a system like the American liberal powers in Asia.
Philippine delegation in 1919 under Manuel Quezon went to America to demand complete independence of the Philippines. The U.S. responded by sending a Wood Forbes Mission in 1922, stating that the Philippines has not been able to be independent. The Philippines refused utterance Wood Forbes. Philippine Senate laying position, and demanded full independence.
The period of American rule in the Philippines lasted from 1898 until 1946. reign was divided into 3 periods as shown below.
1). Period 1898-1942.
U.S. to guide the system of power that will be implemented in the Philippines through a peace deal with the nationalists in 1907. It contained, among others, ensure the independence of the Philippines for 50 years to come.
2). Period 1942-1945.
American defeat in the Pacific that resulted in the Philippines held by the Japanese. On January 2, 1942 Manila, Philippines capital, fell to the Japanese. Deuglas General MacArthur left the Philippines to prepare allied forces in Australia. On May 6, 1942 the Philippines fell to the Japanese.
The defeat of Japan for the first time is the battle of the Coral Sea, which is a turning point for Japan's victory. Since then, Japan's use of the Philippines as a friend under President Laureluntuk face allies. But with the landing of the Allies in the Philippines, and later the Allied defeat of Japan to the Republic of the Philippines to make Japan disappear again (October 22, 1945).
After World War II ended, the United States to keep its promise to grant the Philippines independence kepadaan.
Japanese aircraft sank the ship flew perangPrice of wales and Repulse in the Natuna Sea in 1942, led the Allied forces sank. Soon after the United States made a B29 aircraft to invade Japan by dropping the atomic bon diHiroshima and Nagasaki. It ended World War II, more quickly than expected.
3). The period 1945-1946.
Japan's defeat of the allies, the American power went back in the Philippines.
d. Philippine Independence
It was not until July 4, 1946 American kept his promise to give independence to the Philippines Manuel Quezon as the first president.
But in the early days of independence, the independence of the Philippines was only given in the course of political science as a form pengruh American, while the economy is still dominated by the Americans. So is the problem the military, America put its forces on Military Base (Clark and Subic) is considered as a guarantee of security in the Pacific Ocean after immediately following World War II. The characters of the popular Philippine national movement towards independence the Philippines are: Manuel Quezson, Manuel Roxas, and Romula.
4. Nationalism Movement in India
a. Sepoy Rebellion
Until the beginning of the 19th century, most of the territory of India has fallen into British hands. Exploitation of England has caused misery and hatred the people of India against the British. With diprakarasi by Indian soldiers who entered British military service (Army Sepoy) erupted a rebellion known as the Sepoy Revolt.
[Almicar Cabral]
Sepoy Rebellion took effect as follows.
1) The disappearance of the Moghul dynasty since Sultan Bahadur Shah, last Moghul king was captured and exiled to Rangoon and died there.
2) East India Company (EIC) was dissolved. Furthermore, the date of 1 November 1858 India formally taken over by the British government.
3) Indian people are aware that military action is carried out in a hurry. In addition, they are also aware that the UK may not be driven out by force of arms. Therefore, the road taken is to form political organizations and religious associations. In 1885 stood as the All Indian National Congres first political organization in India.
b. The emergence of Indian nationalism
Although the British military movement is not followed by the general public, but a driver of the birth of the Indian national movement. Causes of Indian nationalism is as follows:
1) Repair the fate of the people by the British government after the Sepoy rebellion did not come so that the people of India who had to move themselves.2) Only British people who sit in government, while the people of India are not allowed to participate.
3) Western culture imposed by the British, causing a strong reaction from the people of India who want to keep their authentic Indian culture. Considered too materialistic Western culture on Indian culture more concerned with things mental and spiritual.
4) The emergence of the intelligentsia who have western education they already know what it is liberalism, democracy, and nationalism.
5) The status dominian Canada in 1867 causing the nation of India wish to obtain the same status.
c. Kinds of Indian National Movement
Nationalist movement in India is not only in politics, but also in the field of religion (spirituality). Nationalism is not just a movement kebangsaanuntuk India achieved independence, but also for human renewal.1) Brahma Samad
This movement aims to clear the Hindu belief of the things that defile religion and eradicate existing evils in Hindu society. For example, the ceremony had to be removed sebabdianggap Sati as a homicide. In addition, Brahma Samad prohibits underage marriage and polygamy. Leaders of this movement is Ram Mohan Roy.
2) Rama Krishna
Rama Krishna is a stream that wants to return to the pure teachings of the Hindu religion. Character is Swami Vivekananda.
3) Santineketan
This movement aims to instill a sense of patriotism, love people, and love of Indian culture. Characters are Rabindranath Tagore.
4) Congress (All Indian National Congres) 1885.
Congress is basically a people's assembly where sat the representatives of the people of India from various groups struggling for India's freedom from the shackles off British rule. The establishment of the Congress in 1885 at the initiative of Allan Octavian Home (an English-born Scottish) were sympathetic to the struggle of the people of India.
The Congress Party under the leadership of W.C. Bannerji in many development programs and activities are dominated by Hindu groups. In fact, from the extreme Hindu states slogan "India for the Hindu" (India is Hindu). That is why Islamic leaders aspiration group did not receive a fair in separating diri.Pada Congress in 1907 in the Congress itself, there are two streams, namely:
a) Moderate flow, which satisfied the demands of home rule or swaraj. It means demanding self-government within the British Empire. Characters W.C. Bannerji and Motilal Nehru.
b) Extreme Flow (radicals) are demanding full independence (swaraj full) with Jawaharlal Nehru and Tilak characters.
c) Muslim League (Muslim League) 1906. In 1906 the Muslims out of the Congress and established its own party, the Muslim League (Muslim League) with the characters Moh. Ali Jinnah, Liquat Ali Khan, and the Aga Khan.
d) teachings of Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi established as the father of Indian Independence was born in 1869 in Gujarat by the name of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi kecilnyanya. As he animates Congress leaders Congress struggles with his teachings as follows:
1) Ahisma, ie against the enemy without physical violence.
2) ocher, meaning the strike, did not do the job in protestthe regulation of unfair or sign of mourning to commemorate the tragedy.
3) Satyagraha, remained faithful to the truth and refuse to cooperate with the UK, because the UK one while India stand on the truth. So satyagraha meant noncooperation.
4) Swadesi, means to live on their own. This movement suggests that Indian nations can meet their needs for the effort alone. As a result of this weapon looks a boycott of goods made in Britain, and emphasized the use of homemade goods.With this movement was able to improve the economy of the nation of India. Conversely, a blow to British exports to India. As a sign of respect for the image swadeshi "spinning wheel" stamped on the Indian national flag began flying on August 15, 1947.
5. Nationalism Movement in Egypt
a. Financial Crisis in Egypt
Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the Western countries, especially Britain and France vied fight its influence in Egypt. Stronger influence of British rule began in 1875, when the Khedive Ismail (1863-1879) in need of money in connection with the financial crisis, Egypt. Khedive Ismail then sell most of the stock Mersir the Suez Canal to the British.
In addition, Egypt has also borrowed money from the UK and France. Egyptians being unable to pay its debts then England and France into Egypt and memberesi debts. Thus, since 1876, Britain and France have been involved in government in Egypt.
The intervention of Britain and France in the government, especially in the Suez Canal shares lead to disappointment later appeared popular resistance. Egypt's national resurgence marked by a rebellion Arabi Pasha (1881-1882). Mulamula antiorang movement (English, French and Turkish), but eventually became a movement to demand a change in the system of government. Arabi movement was caused by the influence of Jamaluddin al-Afghani who was then teaching in Egypt. Uprising led by Arabi Pasha is very dangerous position of English and French in Egypt. England finally acted and managed to quell the rebellion Arabi Pasha.
b. The emergence of Egyptian nationalism
Egypt, including the Arab countries so that the rise of Egyptian nationalism is the same thing with the rise of Arab nationalism. The reasons for the emergence of Egyptian nationalism is as follows.
1) The existence of the Wahhabi movement, originally a religious movement who later rebelled Turkish government. Thus, politically aroused growing Egyptian nationalism.
2) The influence of the French Revolution. When Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt, he also brought the voice of the French Revolution, which led to the Egyptian liberalism and nationalism.3) The emergence of modern intellectuals sensible.
4) The Pan Arab movement, pioneered by Amir Arslan Chetib by advocating unity of all Arab nations in order to achieve the independence of his people.Although Arabi Pasha rebellion was extinguished, but the Cause is a source of inspiration Arabi Pasha Egyptian nationalism. This was proven on December 7, 1907 was the first national congress held under the leadership of Mustafa Kamil. The goal is the development of a liberal Egypt to achieve full independence. The Egyptian government were influenced by the British tried to suppress this movement, but a national movement is still alive and getting stronger even then transformed into the Wafd Party (Messenger) under the leadership of Saad Zaghlul Pasha.
When World War I finished, demanding Egypt's Wafd Party as an independent nation and participate in the peace conference in France. Britain refused, even exiled Zaghlul Pasha to Malta. In the 1919 uprising in Egypt raised and released back Zaghlul Pasha.The nasionalise Egypt demanding full independence. Rebellion flared up again, Zaghlul Pasha was arrested again and diasigkan to Gibraltar. Britain could not suppress nationalism of Egypt, was forced to issue a Unilateral Declaration (Unilateral Declaration) dated February 28, 1922.1) Britain recognized the independence and sovereignty of Egypt.
2) England are entitled to four key issues, such as the following:
a) maintains the Suez Canal;
b) use military area for military operations;
c) defend Egypt against the aggression of other nations;
d) protect the foreigners in Egypt and interests.
Uniteral Declaration 1922 is a historic moment for Egypt because since then the international community considers Egypt have independence, although not fully. In contrast, in the Egyptian nationalists still remains opposed because the UK remains entitled to four basic problems mentioned above. That is why, the Egyptian nationalism continued to struggle against the British to achieve full independence. This newly realized after World War II ended (October 1954).
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