CHAPTER 1 Understanding Agriculture
1. In Broad Meaning
Can be divided into three:
1. Agre Culture
2. According to Van Arstsen Opinion
3. Understanding the Public
1) Agre Culture
Agre of earth or land.
Culture is processing or farming.
Agre Culture ie cultivate or grow crops on a plot of land or land.
2) In the opinion of Van Arstsen
That dipergunakannya human activity is shown to obtain the results derived from plants or animals.
3) Understanding the Public
Ie activities related to the production process produces materials derived from the human needs of plants and animals are accompanied by efforts to renew, expand or reproductive and economic factors into account.
v Three Fields Associated with the plant
II. Agricultural Sector
Includes:
· Agriculture food
Ex: rice and pulses
· Agriculture Horticulture
Derived from the word meaning Hortus gardens and Culture which means manage or grow crops in the garden.
Ex: Vegetables
· Kale
· Spinach
· Nuts
· Etc.
Fruits
· Rambutan
· Mango
· Guava
· Etc.
Ornamental plants
· Love waves (anthorium)
· Of the cactus stem
III. Plantation Sector
Ex:
· Tea
· Palm
· Coffee
· Clove
· Rubber trees
· Etc.
This field has led towards industry (traded for the crowd), the results can not be entirely sold as processed themselves.
The goal is keindustrian and trade direction.
IV. Forestry Sector
Ex:
· Teak
· Pine
· Rattan
· Etc.
NB:
The herbs are grown without planting (unintentionally). Plants are grown but grown (element purpose).
v Two Sector Associated With The Animals
Includes:
1) of Livestock
Ex:
Goat
Cattle
Poultry (chicken, anggsa, ducks, etc.)
2) Fisheries Sector
Ex:
Water: * Fresh: Nila, Cork, catfish, etc.
* Salted: Cob, Pari, etc.
2. Understanding the Meaning of Agriculture Confined
That is an activity for planting.
Ex: vegetable
CHAPTER II. Pengerian Science Farming
Farming Science is the study of how people organize and coordinate the production of the form-factor facto nature and surrounding land as capital so as to provide the best possible benefits.
There are three factors in the farm:
· Land or natural
· Power
· Capital
Some definitions according to some experts:
1. According to Daniel
Studies farming is a science that studies the ways farmers combine and operate a variety of factors of production such as land, labor and capital as the basis of how farmers choose the type and size of the branch in the form of farm crops or livestock so as to provide maximum results and continuous.
2. According Efferson
Studies farming is the study of ways to organize and operate the farm unit is viewed from the point of efficiency and continuous opinion.
3. According to Vink (1984)
Studies farming is the study of the norms that are used to manage the farm in order to obtain the highest possible revenue.
4. According Prawikusumo (1990)
Studies farming memrupakan applied science to study that discusses how to make or use resources efficiently on a farm, ranch, or aquaculture. Moreover, it also can be interpreted as the study of how to make and implement decisions on agriculture, animal husbandry, or perikana to achieve the objectives that have been agreed by the farmer or rancher.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE BUSINESS TANI
A. History
1. Division of labor of women and men, "women cook and men wander".
2. Women expressed as a builder of the first culture since recorded find a variety of household items to support life, find a variety of plants, drugs and mixes, planting seeds, root crops and raising livestock.
Based on a search in the public eye can be classified into five:
1. Collection
That human activities to meet their needs by collecting what is or produced by nature such as forest, animals, minerals, sea, and river.
2. Agriculture
That human activities to develop or reproduction of plants and animals in order to better in terms of quantity, quality and economical.
This means that the low-cost production of high yield products with better quality as pest or disease resistance. At this stage, people have started to try with a specific purpose,
In agriculture there are two systems, namely:
1) System of agricultural fields with a factor that promotes the production of natural factors, always on the move looking for fertile land.
2) System settled agriculture with nature involve factors of production other than capital and labor. In this second system has been no effort to maintain and restore the fertility of the soil by cultivation, manufacture embankment, and good tillage.
The equation is equally natural or land use.
The difference is for the field to move settled land while not perpindah-move.
3.Perindustrian
That is human activity changing the form of agricultural products so as to meet human needs better.
There are three levels:
a. Simple by hand.
Ex: weaving and baking
b. With the help of machines
Ex: tofu, soy, meatballs, etc.
c. By using a fully automatic machine
Ex: cooking oil mills and rubber factories
There are three business scale:
a) Below: home industry
b) Medium: medium industries
c) Above: large industrial
4. Trade
That human activity to change the place, time and election results collection, agriculture, and industry so that the results are better.
Some of the activities in the trade:
1) Sertasi (sorting)
2) Storage
3) Transportation
4) Packaging (wrapped)
5) Delivery
6) Sales
5. Other services
That human activities to facilitate the course of the previous events. These services relate to money or rewards.
Farmer Business Developments
Science of farming developed in the United States in the year:
USA: (1874) developed by Robert I.P
(1895) developed by Andrew Boss and Hails
Indonesia: (1875) dikembangkn by a Dutch president Sollewyn Gelpke
He studied agricultural business for the sake of collecting taxes to be paid by farmers.
According Tohir (1983) based on the principle of social and economic objectives. The development of farming are classified in three categories, as follows:
1. Agriculture which have characteristics Economical Kapatalis.
2. Farming has a base-Economical-socialistic community.
3. Farming has economic characteristics.
Basically farm grown steadily from the outset only aimed at producing food for the family's needs so that only a farm - self-sufficiency or subsitence. Therefore, the processing system is better then the resulting product can be marketed surplus and thus cultivate the farm - financial self-sufficiency. In the end because farming oriented base then becomes commercial farming.
Farming initially only manage crops later expanded to include various farm commodities so as not pure but mixed farming (Mixed Frming).
Family Farming and Agriculture Formulation
Mixed farming (Mixed Forming) covers a wide range of commodities, such as:
a) Crops
b) Horticulture (vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants)
c) Plantation crops
d) Fisheries and
e) farm
According to Suharto (1990) livestock farming can be classified into three types:
1) Businesses that are Traditional
Ex: small farmers or ranchers who have 1-2 large rumaninsia cattle, chickens and even a small village.
2) The backyard
Ex: farmer or rancher chicken, dairy, fish.
3) Commercial Enterprises
Ex: farmers or ranchers who have actually apply economic principles, and efisieni oriented profile.
Broadly speaking there are two forms of farming that has known the family farm (family farming) and agricultural companies (plantation, estate, enterprise). Generally is the purpose of farming are: family businesses, while others are an agricultural company.
The main differences between farming families and agricultural companies located in eight case are as follows:
1.Tujuan End
Is a farm family income (family farmincome) consisting of earnings, wages and family man own capital. Income is the difference between the value of production decreased by biaya.laba, wages and family labor and own capital interest is considered a unity that can not be separated again, while agricultural enterprises or end goal is to gain maximum profit is the difference between the value of production minus the cost.
2.Bentuk Law
Family farm is not legal entities while agricultural firms generally have a legal entity such as: PT, Firm, and CV.
3.Luas Enterprises
Is a typical family farm small plots of land, while the company's extensive agriculture in general berlahan for orientation on efficiency and profitability.
4.Jumlah Capital
Is a family farm has broad unity smaller capital compared to agricultural enterprises.
5.Jumlah yank power in shed
Is the amount of energy devoted family unity farm size is bigger than the agricultural enterprise.
6.Unsur Farming
What distinguishes the family farm with agricultural companies located outside the paid labor. On the family farm involving farmers and families and personnel knowledgeable. While the vast power company only paid the other elements of the natural surroundings as well as land and capital are owned elements, both family farms and agricultural companies.
7.Sifat Enterprises
Is my family farm is generally subsistence, commercial, and commercial art (the transition from subsitense kekomersial) while commercial agricultural enterprise is always, always means profits with attention to quality and quantity products.
8.Pemanfaatan for agricultural products
Agricultural company always tries to utilize the results of the latest farming, even did not hesitate to pay for the advancement of research efforts, while the family farm because of limited capital, equipment and human capital that new breakthroughs depend on the results of research and development by the government through the Ministry of halls agricultural research and technology development and extension personnel.
Classification of Farming
Classification of farming can be divided into:
1. The style and nature
According to the style and nature can be divided into two commercial and subsitence. Commercial farming have noticed the quality and quantity of farm products while subsitence only meet its own needs.
2. Organization
According to his farming organizations to differentiate into three namely,
1) individual farm businesses
Farming is that the whole process was done by the farmers themselves and their families from planning cultivate the land, determined to marketing itself.
2) The Collective
Farming throughout the production process undertaken jointly by a group later in the results and benefits in kind. Examples of collective effort ever in Indonesia, namely the People's Sugarcane Intensification (TRI)
3) The Cooperative
Agriculture which each process is done individually, only in some of the activities that are considered important in the work by the group, such as the purchase of inputs, pest eradication, marketing and manufacturing channels. Examples of cooperative farming is PIR (Nucleus Estate Smallholders), pear is a form of cooperation between the people of the plantation estates.
3. Pattern
According to the pattern, the farm is divided into three namely:
1) The business specialized farm
Farming only try just one branch of farming, such as farm livestock, fisheries and farming farming crops.
2) The farm was not specifically
Farming is cultivating several business branches together but with strict limits.
3) Mixed farming business
Ie farming cultivating several branches together in a plot of land with no clear boundary. Ex: intercropping rice and mina.
4. Type
By types, farming is divided into several types based commodities sought, such as chicken farming, goat farming, and farming corn. Each kind of animals and plants can be a type of farming.
CHAPTER III On Plants
A. Types of Cuttings
· Trunk
· Leaves
· Shoots
· Shoots
Connecting or grafeting there are three:
1. Connecting shoots or stems
2. side grafting
3. Connecting arrangement
Connecting shape is 2:
a. The form "\ /"
b. Forms "/ ..... \" tilt
Ornamental Plants Reproduce
Ornamental Plants Plants are a particular kind of plant leaves, stems and flowers that can be arranged to beautify the environment to be more artistic and attractive.
B. Generative Propagation
If you want to obtain ornamental plant seeds with large numbers, multiplication can be done in generative (from seed), but the multiplication of the generative often have difficulty.
a. Some of the types of plants that are less known or difficult to obtain such as bottle palm seeds.
b. The growing process take long and complicated treatment.
There is a temporary seed germination of plants that process to be done in certain circumstances the glass house.
C. Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative propagation is done by using part of the plant to obtain new plants including vegetative propagation are as follows:
a. propagation cuttings, leaves, and shoots.
Propagation is the most appropriate in the rainy season because the cuttings to form roots and shoots.
1. Stem Cuttings
Type of plant stems somewhat rough texture like dieffenbachia the longer formation process which is about 10 days. Type of plant stems rougher texture diacaena eg, Schefflera, kroton, longer root growth is 1 month.
2. Leaf Cuttings
Multiply plants by leaf cuttings do some types of plants such as: bagania, violces, sansifera, and various sekulen. Pieces leaves of these plants when grown in media terms diepenuhi will grow roots and shoots. Although not berbangkat leaves, leaf cuttings are planted in the media who do not have high humidity will easily wilt with leaves that do not have AKAT not be supplied water from the soil easily.
3. Cuttings Shoots
For certain plants plant natural perbanyakakannya divide mennghasilkan small pups (sutken) extends the length of the parent rods connected by a kind of curved shoots and roots that can grow as the state of the ground roots support items pembiakannya genus of plants that can be done with the shoot is ehlopophytum comosum (lity paris), and epitia eulgid (eternal love).
4. Propagation with the family
Forms of vegetative propagation of the simplest to use cuttings root clump (pols) many types of plants in a pot that has more than 1 berumpun including plant stems or potted plants berumpun is neprolepis, adiantum, calathea, and a large part of the palm.
CLOSING WORDS
Alhamdullahirobbil'alamin
Finally we can complete this paper.
If there kesalaha us in the writing and content of x-one zaki apologize, karean man is wrong and make mistakes.
Hopefully this book bermanfaar for us all. We say thank you.
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